Power systems are effectively earthed by the neutral points being connected directly to earth. The only resistance being the inherent resistance of the connections and the earth itself. A system fault comprises either one or more phases being accidentally connected…
Most high voltage distribution equipment has four basic ratings – service voltage; basic insulation level; rated current carrying capacity; and fault capacity. Service voltage The IEC sets standards for manufacturers to produce cables and switchgear for a preferred range of…
Substations, switchyards and switch rooms are hazardous areas but only become dangerous if procedures are not strictly followed. The safety of personnel is the paramount consideration in the operation of any power system. Substations are therefore designed to ensure that…